Our understanding of Earth’s ocean floor is less than that of Mars. Here, scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with hydrothermal systems on the seafloor may have created the right environment for the origin of life on Earth. Mysterious Megaplume Scientists discovered large areas of thermal fluid in the ocean above volcanic ridges. These large and powerful hot waters, rich in chemicals, rising from the ocean floor are called megaplume. Their size is really huge, with a volume that can exceed 100 km3, equivalent to 40 million Olympic swimming pools. Although they appear to be related to subterranean mountain eruptions, their origin remains a mystery. In their study, the scientists used a mathematical model to explain the dispersion of volcanic ash across the ocean. Thanks to detailed mapping of a volcanic ash deposit in the Northeast Pacific, scientists know that this ash can spread up to several kilometers from an eruption. This cannot be easily explained by tides or other ocean currents. Instead, the results suggest that these water columns are very energetic. The energy required to drive the flow and carry the ash is surprisingly large, about 1 terawatt (nearly half of the energy needs of the entire United States at a time). The scientists calculated that this would create water columns of similar size as said. They have since produced strong evidence that megaplumes are associated with active seafloor eruptions and that they form very quickly, possibly within hours. So what is the source of heat and chemicals to make this megaplume? The most obvious candidate is of course newly erupting molten lava. At first glance, the scientists’ results seem to support this hypothesis. Accordingly, the formation of megaplume occurs simultaneously with the eruption of lava and volcanic ash. However, when the scientists calculated the amount of lava needed for the megaplume, it was unrealistically high, about 10 times larger than most underground lava flows. The scientists’ best guess is that although the occurrence of megaplumes is linked to undersea eruptions, they are mainly derived from depleted hydrothermal reservoirs present in the ocean. . As the lava directed upward to create undersea eruptions, it may have pushed this liquid hotter than 300 degrees Celsius along. Volcano erupts under the sea. Life in harsh environments In contrast to terrestrial volcanoes, detecting an eruption occurring on the seabed is extremely difficult. Therefore, there is still much for scientists to learn about submarine volcanism and its role in the marine environment. A new study by scientists Sam Pegler and David Ferguson at the University of Leeds (UK) published in the journal Nature Communications has yielded important insights. It’s amazing to find extreme ecophiles (polar biologists) around hydrothermal vents. This discovery expands what we know about life and where it exists. The fluid flow involved in megaplume formation may be the main mechanism in dispersing these microorganisms from their subterranean origin. If this is the case, deep-sea volcanism is an important factor influencing the geography of polar communities. Some scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with undersea hydrothermal systems may have provided a suitable environment for the origin of life on Earth. Thus, the megaplume may have been involved in this dispersal of life across the ocean. In the absence of other sources of nutrients and light, these types of organisms would have been the first to exist on our planet. They are present because of the heat and chemicals that lava spews up the volcanoes under the sea. Because volcanic ash deposits carried by megaplume appear to be fairly common in the deep sea, the scientists’ study found that the proliferation of life through megaplume dispersal could be widespread. Although it is not yet possible to observe a deep-sea eruption firsthand, efforts are being made to collect data on submarine volcanic events. Most notable is the observatory at Axial Volcano in the Pacific Ocean. This seabed measuring device can transmit data in real time, recording ongoing events. Through such efforts, along with continued mapping and sampling of the ocean floor, the character of volcanism under the oceans is gradually being revealed.

The star-nosed mole is a species of small mole found in the humid lowlands of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, with records along the Atlantic coast as far as extreme southeastern Georgia. It is the only member of the tribe Condylurini and the genus Condylura. Blobfish (also known as teardrop fish) – a fish voted by the Ugly Animal Preservation Society as the standard of evil. This fish was first found in the waters of New Zealand and Australia, at depths between 600 and 1,200 meters. These are also places where the pressure is about 118 times higher than sea level. If you’ve ever seen a cephalopod recently discovered by scientists, perhaps all the strange things in this world will become completely normal, and also not surprising. , because this creature is considered the strangest species. Essentially it looks like an oversized paper clip or a long “beard” on the head, they have a curved body with twists. This animal is called Diplomoceras maximum. It’s a pity that no matter in any zoo on the planet or on a deep-sea diving boat, you won’t be able to see this animal, because it is just like Tyrannosaurus. This animal lived in Antarctica during the Cretaceous period 68 million years ago and what we can see today are only their fossils. The age of the fossils is about 68 million years, the end of the Cretaceous period, the same time as the tyrannosaurs. This strange squid mainly inhabits the waters around present-day Antarctica. It is possible that they became extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs because of the catastrophic impact of the asteroid Chicxulub. The fossil of this strange squid was discovered by the Antarctic Expedition at the UK’s University of Leeds. Scientists conducted a scientific investigation on Seymour Island in the Antarctic peninsula for six years and discovered more than 6,000 fossils of marine life. The most special of these is the squid Diplomoceras maximum (Paperclip squid). Fossils of paperclip squid are now on public display at the Earth Museum in Ithaca, New York, if you’re lucky enough to see it, you won’t be able to imagine why this animal grew up like that. – it is about 1.5 meters long and can be up to 2 meters long, equivalent to the height of a human; if it stretched out its paperclip-shaped body in a straight line, its body length would exceed 4 meters. Their assumption is consistent because shells are known to grow by accretion, creating new growth each year. After shrinking the giant shells of these 1.5-meter-long animals, the researchers concluded that the only plausible explanation is that these animals have a lifespan of about 200 years. In addition, the most surprising thing to scientists is that this paperclip squid has a lifespan of up to 200 years, speculated now from the ridges on their shells, this calculation is similar to the way Calculate the age from the ridges of the tree trunk. Their shells were developed through accretion, based on repeated patterns of carbon and oxygen isotopes, which scientists believe reflects annual methane production on the seafloor. This means that the paperclip’s shell will grow one more groove each year, and it will grow longer and longer. And the question is why this squid was able to live so long, while modern cephalopods, such as cuttlefish and squid, have a lifespan of less than 5 years even when they are the largest species of this family or the cephalopods are also shellfish, they can only live up to 20 years. So paperclip ink can live to be 200 years old is completely strange and mysterious. New research published at an online meeting of the American Geological Society claims to have discovered new evidence for a previously unknown creature with a very long lifespan. To answer this question, paleontologists have put forward a threefold hypothesis – they suggest that their habitat at that time was similar to that of the Greenland shark, which lived in cold waters. The price of Antarctica, have long and dark winters, lack of food sources, so they have to slow down their metabolism to increase their chances of successful reproduction, so their lifespan is also increased.