Their venom is made up of a mixture called peptide conus. Each of them will have a unique venom formula. More than 50,000 conus peptides have been discovered, they are all neurotoxins and no vertebrate species on our planet possesses this form of venom. Marbled Cone snail possesses an extremely splendid appearance but is considered the most venomous snail species on the planet. They are purely carnivores and predators, feeding mainly on sea worms, small fish, mollusks and even other cone snails. It can release venom at any time in its life, and this species is always ready to wipe out all living things around it. A cone snail, like most snails, moves slowly. However, its attack is extremely quick and powerful. They use a sophisticated detection system to find their prey. Snails eat fish, sea worms or other snails if food sources are scarce. Their secret to hunting doesn’t lie in movement speed, instead they hunt using venom and develop an extremely efficient venom system. Because of their slow movement speed, cone snails often hunt by “holding a tree waiting for a rabbit”, which will lie in the sand at the bottom of the water, only revealing its long tubular mouth and tentacles in the sand. Once it detects prey such as a small fish or something passing by, it will use strong muscle contractions to shoot the tongue connected with the venom gland from its long tubular mouth at lightning speed and “close the gap”. nail” into the body, injecting poison into the prey. This venom will paralyze prey within seconds and die instantly. To prevent their prey from struggling, some species of snails have created a toxin that can reduce pain and anesthetize the prey’s nerves, making the prey feel no pain and slowly die without even realizing it. know. When the prey is fixed and no longer struggling, the conch will withdraw the “hook” (toothed tongue), pulling the paralyzed prey into the mouth. One study estimated that this species alone caused 36 deaths. Divers are afraid to face the Marbled Cone snail. They are very beautiful, just like other normal snail shells, but when hit, they are very fast and even with diving gloves, the snail’s proboscis can still penetrate. A few microliters of the toxin in a snail’s saliva is strong enough to kill at least 10 people. Once the poison enters your system, you may not feel symptoms for several minutes or days. Although the bite is not painful, you may feel numbness or tingling. However, then your whole body may shake, your eyes will go blurry, and your breathing may stop after just a few hours. However, the function of this extremely toxic substance is only for self-defense and to catch prey, but they never actively attack humans. Up to now, about 30 people have died from accidental contact with the marbled cone’s spit. The life of the snail shell collector will end when the sharp hook of this snail pierces the person. The most powerful poison called neurotoxin will temporarily paralyze your nerves. After that, the respiratory organs will close, making it difficult for you to breathe and this can be the worst part. Symptoms of a snail sting include local pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, and vomiting. Symptoms may appear immediately or slowly over several days. In severe cases, muscle paralysis, vision changes and respiratory failure can lead to death. The various neurotoxins contained in cone snails are called cono toxins. In addition to being toxic to humans, in this venom mixture there are many beneficial substances, which can work accurately and quickly on the human nervous system without causing side effects. Therefore, this snail can also open up a new medical future for humans. For example, cono peptides have the potential to prevent spasticity caused by spinal cord injury and may help diagnose and treat small cell lung cancer. Conotoxins can immediately generate nerve signals that reduce heart rate or turn off pain receptors. Ziconotide isolated from it is used as an analgesic. It is said to be 1000 times more effective than morphine and not addictive. Conotoxin ACV1, isolated from Victoria cone cone in Australia, is more effective than morphine and Ziconotide, has a longer analgesic effect and is convenient to use without side effects. It has been shown to be very effective in the treatment of post-operative and neurological conditions, and even accelerates the recovery of nerve damage, and is expected to be developed as a treatment for anxiety. , Parkinson’s disease, muscle tension and hypertension.

As a country with a tropical climate, Vietnam has many different types of snakes, many of which are poisonous. The way of identification is mainly based on external characteristics such as color, head and body shape, tooth structure. Here are some common types of venomous snakes in Vietnam: first. horned viper, Scientific name is Trimeresurus cornutus found in Vietnam. Their head has a triangular shape that distinguishes it from the neck, the top of the head is covered with small scales, the scales on the eyes develop into horns, so it is known as the “devil snake”, the body size is about 50cm. The venom of the horned viper is classified as one of the most venomous snakes in Vietnam. Horned viper 2. Red-tailed viper , the scientific name is Trimeresurus albolabris, this is an extremely poisonous snake among vipers, with a green body and a reddish-brown tail. Living mainly in the high mountains and deep forests of the Truong Son range, the mountains of the northwest region of Vietnam, Can Tho now also has but very few. 3. Von-gen’s viper or Southern viper, the scientific name is Viridovipera vogeli is a species of snake in the viper family. The top of the head and body of this species is green, the belly is lighter. Regarded as one of the most cunning, skilled and cold-blooded night hunters of all snakes, with a single strong bite, prey will pay with its life. This snake lives in Gia Lai, Dong Nai, Lam Dong in Vietnam. 4. Silver-headed viper Azemiops feae, is a species of viper in the genus Azemiops in the monotypic subfamily Azemiopinae. Considered one of the most primitive vipers, the silver-headed viper is a medium-sized, slightly flattened head that distinguishes it from the neck, about 80cm long. In Vietnam, silver-headed vipers are distributed in Cao Bang, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, and Lang Son. 5. Indigo snake Also known as dry wood snake, scientific name is Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus. The reason they have such a name is because their skin color is mixed with dry leaves, and dry plants are extremely difficult to detect. Common in the vast rubber forests of the Southeast, the danger of this snake, according to Professor Nguyen Lan Dung, is second only to sea snakes. 6. Chongqing Viper , the scientific name is Protobothrops trungkhanhensis, is a species of snake endemic to Trung Khanh, Cao Bang, Vietnam. Chongqing viper is about 70cm long, the color of the back and head of the male and female are similar, light gray brown. Hiding in the bushes, if you are not careful to tease them, you may die in a short time. 7. Grand cobra The scientific name is Ophiophagus hannah. Although not actively attacking humans, it is still considered a dangerous and scary species within their range. Not only has the ability to release venom, this snake also has the ability to control the amount of poison when biting its prey. The venom of the cobra has a toxic effect that paralyzes the nervous system, causing the bitten person to fall into a coma and die. 8. Ground cobra Also known as the one-eyed cobra or the obese tiger, the scientific name is Naja kaouthia. When stimulated, the snake’s neck expands very scary. Just a small amount of this snake’s venom can cause the prey to die suddenly. 9. Scallop snakes , scientifically known as Bungarus fasciatus, inhabits a variety of habitats, from forests to agricultural lands. is a relatively large venomous snake, usually over 1m long, characterized by very clear and prominent yellow-black patches. The venom of the scorpion is not inferior to that of a cobra. ten. krait snake , has the distinguishing feature of a slender head, round pupils, and a distinct color space like a scorpion, but their color is black and gray-white. Living in grasslands and dense forests, scorpions are the horror of humans when they encounter them. 11. Cat snake The Siamese cobra, scientifically known as Naja siamensis, is a subspecies of the venomous cobra. Temperament changes depending on the time of day, being shy and gentle in the morning, fierce and cruel at night. The cobra’s venom makes it an animal killer with a necrotic, cell-killing, potentially lethal effect that makes a healthy, adult human.

The venom helps the snakes defend themselves and hunts. Explaining the venom in the snake The research was carried out by experts at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (Japan) with the Australian National University (Australia) and published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). . Research indicates a link between mammalian salivary glands and snake venom glands. Agneesh Barua, lead author of the paper and a graduate student in evolutionary genetics at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan, said: “In the past, we had the basic foundations. to find out about this. “Now, thanks to evolution, we can dig deeper and more accurately into the relationship between mammalian salivary glands and snake venom glands.” Previously, scientists believed that the venom gland evolved from the salivary gland because the venom is composed of proteins that are transformed from saliva. The oral venom system is assumed to evolve through evolution, but how it evolved and the molecular structure in the venom system remains unknown. Research by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology and the Australian National University are the first scientific evidence to find an answer to this fake snow. To produce toxins, snakes have evolved in the direction of converting many different substances in the body into venom. Initially, scientists suspected the gene was behind the poison formation in snake venom and a number of different species such as spiders and coolie – the only primate to have venom. However, the study did not find out what causes the venom to develop in the mouths of the animals. The research does not focus on toxins because they grow quickly, they are complex mixtures of many compounds, the Baride scientist explains. From there, the scientists decided to switch not to check the genes that produce the toxin, but to study the genes that help change the salivary system into the venom gland in the mouth. These are genes that are involved in the venom but are not responsible for the toxin production. Contact toxins in the human body Human saliva contains toxins that produce toxins. Through testing the genome of Taiwan habu snake, the researchers found the gene that supports the change, named “metavenom network”. This gene is responsible for protecting cells from the stress caused by the production of large amounts of protein. Similar genes are found in the salivary glands of some mammals such as chimpanzees, mice, even humans or terrestrial egg-laying animals such as birds and reptiles. These two genes have quite similar modes of action. Both produce large amounts of protein in saliva. With snakes, this gene helps to create large toxic saliva, suitable for their hunting and defense purposes. While in mammals such as humans, genes also make large amounts of protein in saliva but does not contain toxins. The common thing that these genes have in common is their ability to produce toxins, but snakes combine many different toxins, while mammals produce simpler venom, which has a similarity with saliva, Baride says. In fact, under certain environmental conditions, rats can make many toxic proteins in their saliva. Or in human saliva contains Kallikrein, an enzyme that helps digest proteins and they are also components in the “metavenom network”. If mutated, Kallikrein will convert saliva into venom that causes pain and death for infected objects. If so, according to evolution, in the next ten thousand years rats may have venom in their mouths, and so can humans. Mechanism of venom production However, Barua said, Kallikreins in human saliva can hardly evolve into toxins in snake venom. The “metavenom web” is a method of defense or elimination of prey and it evolves according to the animal’s way of life. The same species of snake, but living in different terrains and environments, the toxin is also different. For example, snakes live in the desert, mainly hunt rats on flat terrain, their venom slowly seeps into their prey. But snakes that live in the rocky mountains have a stronger toxin, instantly killing the lizard-like agility. Meanwhile, humans have invented tools, weapons and social structures to increase labor productivity and to process food, so there is no need to use venom. In addition, the creation of the venom is difficult. If not used regularly, the venom is lost. For example, sea snakes used to possess venom but are now harmless because they switch from eating fish to eating fish eggs, which do not require the use of toxins. New research may not raise hope for human “superpowers” but scientists have found a way for species to control venom in the body, which may be the key of medicine. . Find out how genes that control external protein expression can recognize diseases like cancer. Because most deaths from cancer are due to cancer cells growing out of control.