Maldives https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Maldives is made up of 1,200 islands and 26 coral reefs. A beautiful underwater world of corals and other ecological patches. However, due to the warming of the ocean, especially the El Nino phenomenon in 1998, a sizable part of the coral reefs have died and bleached. But in the past few years, coral reefs have recovered significantly. Great Barrier Reef – Australia https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ With about 3,000 separate reefs and 900 islands, the Great Barrier Reef stretches for nearly 2,600 km, in the middle of the sea of ​​nearly 350,000 square kilometers. This reef is located in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, part of this reef area of ​​the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park of the same name. The Great Barrier is considered to have an extremely diverse and rich marine ecosystem, where many species of creatures listed in the Red Book are in danger. In 1981, the Great Barrier was recognized by UNESCO as a World Natural Heritage Site, and is considered by CNN as one of the 7 natural wonders of the world. New Caledonian Reef – Pacific Ocean https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The 1,500 km long New Caledonian Reef surrounds the Grande Terre. The average depth of the coral reefs here is about 25m, 30km from the coast. The corals in this area are quite diverse in species. There are also about 1,000 species of fish and rare animals such as green turtles. Coral reefs in the Red Sea https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The Red Sea lies between Africa and Asia, where coral reefs are 5,000-7,000 years old. The length of coral reefs is up to 1,900 km, mainly on the sea border of Israel, Egypt, and Djibouti. Rainbow Reef – Fiji (Pacific) https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Rainbow Reef is perhaps one of the most colorful coral reefs, it is literally an underwater rainbow, home to nearly 1,200 types of fish and 230 species of multicolored coral. Tubbataha Reef – Philippines https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea is a protected marine reserve in Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park. These reefs are made up of two atolls, North Atoll and South Atoll, separated by a canal about 5 miles (8 km) deep. This is one of the most famous diving spots in the Philippines because of its amazing coral reefs. It is also an ecosystem of 600 species of fish, 360 species of coral, 11 types of sharks, 13 types of whales and dolphins. Coral reef in Raja Ampat archipelago – Indonesia https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Raja Ampat Islands are recognized as having the most diverse marine life in the world, There are more than 1,500 species of fish, 537 species of coral and 699 species of krill found in Raja Ampat. Raja Ampat is located in the heart of the Coral Triangle. According to Conservation International, this large island of Indonesia has one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world with 75% of the world’s coral species found here. Belize Barrier Reef https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The Belize Barrier Reef is a series of coral reefs that stretch along the coast of Belize, approximately 300 meters (980 ft) offshore in the north and 40 km (25 mi) in the south coast. It is known as a 300 km long part of the Mesoamerican Reef System which runs 900 km continuously from Cancún on the northeastern tip of the Yucatán peninsula through the Maya Riviera down to Honduras making it a major reef. world third. There are many species of flora and fauna including: 70 species of hard coral, 36 species of soft coral, 500 species of fish, hundreds of species of invertebrates, but it is estimated that only 10% of coral species and species of coral have been discovered. 90% of species need to be studied. Bonaire Reef https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Bonaire Reef in the Dutch Caribbean is where you can see corals of all colors, including pink, green, yellow and bright purple, also known as a diver’s paradise. Coral Reef at Andros, Bahamas https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The reefs stretching from the sea east of Andros Island, Bahamas are famous for more than 160 species of fish and corals living in the western Atlantic Ocean. It covers an area of ​​about 6,000 square kilometers and has suffered considerable wear and tear due to the harmful effects of the surrounding environment. L. Trang https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/

Ancient Mayan civilization simulated on a 3D model. The laser survey showed that in a mountainous region north of Yucatán, called Puuc, the Mayans built remarkable structures, including artificial reservoirs, more than 1,200 stoves, several fields. ladder to cultivate … Research lead William Ringle, professor emeritus of anthropology at Davidson University in North Carolina, USA said: “It looks like this is a very prosperous area because we have all the stone houses. build. ” Furthermore, the Mayans of Puuc built four major towns dating from the Middle Ages (700 BC to 450 BC) and population centers dating from 600 to 750 AD, during the Late Antiquity period. dictionary. While these structures were recorded, laser data analysis revealed that these Puuc communities had distinct city layouts that were not seen in other Maya regions. Researchers have known of the ancient Mayan settlements of Puuc since the 1840s, but there has never been a comprehensive survey of the area so far. By calculating with laser light, a software can create a detailed 3D topographic map of ancient Mayan civilization. Researchers spent about 20 years doing basic research in the Puuc region. Analysis of the lidar maps, which encompass about 237 square kilometers, revealed 7,900 housing quarters, including on the hills, indicating that the Puuc area with a large population was concentrated mainly on the Different communities, with a few in the hinterland of Puuc. Many of these residential structures still have stone veins marking different rooms – each house has about 2-3 rooms. These details suggest that Puuc may be one of the most densely populated areas in the Maya Lowlands, an area that includes parts of modern-day Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Despite the densely populated, it seems that the people in Puuc mainly live in peace; the communities are quite close together – usually between 5 and 10 km, but there is no evidence of any defensive structure. “There are images of warriors on some of the sculptures, but it’s not to the point where people stop themselves from the neighbors,” the researchers said. Water reservoirs A densely populated area needs a lot of water, but Puuc, like the rest of Yucatan, is mostly on limestone, a porous rock. Since there was no water or river or lake, people had to find other ways to get it. Puuc is located on a hilly and raised area, making it above groundwater level. To solve this problem, the Mayans built “chultunes”, or tanks, that were lined with mortar to collect rainwater. The Mayans also built “aguadas”, or reservoirs, with long drainage channels. Lidar’s survey revealed that some of these channels were several hundred meters long. Terraces The lidar survey also revealed evidence of an intensive and widespread rock-producing industry, consisting of quarries and 1,232 circular stoves, potentially used to sinter sandstone so that produce lime, or calcium oxide. This lime is probably used as a construction mortar and to help soften corn. “When people down there cook corn, they usually soak it in lime the night before to soften it a bit, and then they will grind it,” says Ringle. Therefore, lime is an essential commodity, even at the household level. ” The number of stoves was a surprising revelation, Ringle added. They are everywhere. And that shows that it’s a sizable industry in Puuc. Other research has shown that these stoves can be operated using very little firewood. “It tells us that people probably had the raw materials pretty close at hand, even though they didn’t burn the entire forest,” Ringle said. The lidar image also showed the first clear evidence of the ladder at Puuc, actually all north of Yucatan. Although the area has hundreds of hills, only 8 hills are terraced fields for cultivation. This shows that this practice is not popular in Puuc. The ancient Maya civilization existed for more than 2,500 years, before the people mysteriously abandoned their city. There are many theories that explain why this happens. Stories are told that the Mayans mismanaged their landscape and this led to their own destruction. This new study is contrary evidence. The study was published online April 28 in the journal PLOS One.

Illustration. One of the most isolated places in the world is the Vale do Javari region in the Amazon forest area. It is home to 14 Amazon tribes and they do not have any contact with the outside world. The area covers an area of ​​86,000 square kilometers, which is about the size of Austria. According to The Guardian, in March 2019, an expedition was organized by the agency for indigenous Brazilians, with the aim of easing tensions between two rival indigenous groups in the Vale do Javari region. The slums Looking at a map of a city, you will see clearly indicated streets, parks, highways, and buildings. However, in some cities, there are areas that do not appear on the map. According to BBC Future, in cities like Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and Lagos in Nigeria, the slums are not depicted on the map because these areas are not the top priority here. In fact, many of the largest cities in the world have large communities with impoverished populations that live there and never appear on maps. Cenotes Yucatán Cenotes, Mexico According to photographer Klaus Thymann, this underwater cave system is located in the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico. This cave system is thousands of kilometers long and has not been explored since the Mayan period; and it doesn’t exist on any map. Klaus Thymann begins the exploration of the Yucatán Cenotes cave system and takes pictures of it, with a desire to raise awareness about this unique cave preservation. Rivers flow through caves and form the aquifer of Yucatán and support about 11 different ecosystems. Gangkhar Puensum Mountain, Bhutan This is probably the tallest mountain in the world that has not been conquered yet, it is estimated its height is about 3,000 meters. This mountain has not been mapped and unlike others, it has yet to be explored for spiritual reasons. For the locals, some areas on the mountain have been refugees for Buddhist saints for centuries and the mountains themselves have been home to gods and goddesses. Patagonia, Argentina and Chile regions According to Geospatial World, Patagonia region stretches almost as far as Antarctica. It is littered with tropical forests, glaciers, so remote and inhospitable that it is almost impossible to map. Mapping this area is a difficult and dangerous task, as the ice fields here are comparable to those of the polar ice. Northern mountain forest complex, Myanmar The US economic sanctions against Myanmar for many years have helped the country successfully protect most of its primary forests from the effects of economic development. But this seems to be changing, the area of ​​primary forest is disappearing and with it many vulnerable species. However, it is very difficult to assess the damage because there are almost no roads in the forest and very few people can come in to assess the situation. This means primeval forests are likely to disappear before it has been fully mapped. Cape Melville Cape, Australia Cape Melville is a cape off the coast of Queensland. And a surrounding wall made of granite has separated this headland from human exploration. Although the habitat inside the rainforest in the headland is effectively protected, it also means that the area is virtually unmapped. North Sentinel Island, India North Sentinel Island is part of the Andaman Islands between India and Myanmar. Due to the local population’s hostility towards outsiders (who are not Sentinel residents), this place has not been explored and mapped. In 2006, a boat carrying two fishermen drifted into the farmland of North Sentinel Island and they were killed there. Since then, there have been other reports of tribes firing arrows at passing helicopters. Ocean bottom The vast ocean floor and the bottom of the five oceans cover up to 71% of the earth’s surface. Even though we have mapped the ocean floor, according to The Conversation of Australia, the map is clearly low resolution. In fact, our map of the ocean floor is less detailed than our map of Mars, Moon and Venus. That is because the water flow has blocked the mapping tools. But oceanographers are still researching and conducting more perfect, detailed ocean floor mapping. Sandy Island, South Pacific Some locations that actually exist are not mapped, while areas that do not exist are shown on the map. One example is Sandy Island located in the south of the Pacific Ocean. This island appears on marine maps, world maps as well as on Google Earth and Google Maps. But when the scientists began to study this supposedly located halfway between Australia and New Caledonia, they discovered it didn’t exist there and probably never existed. Even so, the island has been on the map for many years and it is thought that it was just a mistake.

Earth has been 4 billion years old since its birth in the universe. In the long history of the Earth, the stars, planets, satellites, asteroids in the universe along with the Earth have all had a fixed or uncertain mode of action. The formation of the Solar System, the Moon, asteroids crashing into the Earth, comets … prove that claim.

As the development of human civilization took shape on Earth, we began to explore the mysteries of the universe and our own planet.

Humans have discovered countless impact craters on Earth formed by the “falling stars” that once crashed into the Earth. These “falling stars” are then referred to as “meteorites / asteroids”, and the traces they leave on Earth are known as “meteorite craters” or impact craters.

It can be said that the crater is a symbol and evidence of the intersection of cosmic objects and the Earth. Not only that, some scientists who support the “exogenous” theory even believe that the water and energy necessary for life on Earth today are due to the impact of meteorites and comets.

Although this is not supported by strong evidence, the craters are still very valuable to scientists studying celestial celestial bodies. It is of great significance for the study of the formation and evolution of the Earth, the change in climate, the environment and animals in ancient times, the role of biological processes and mineralization.

Today, many meteorite holes have been discovered, through studying them, people have discovered many unknown secrets from ancient times as well as unique minerals created when Huge asteroid collided with the Earth.

THE LARGEST THIEN THIEN THE PLANET

According to the report of the Earth Impact Database released in 2016, worldwide there are about 190 impact craters detected so far. And the planet’s largest, oldest and most severely eroded asteroid crater is Vredefort Crater in South Africa.

The Vredefort asteroid crater is a crater that has existed on Earth for 2 billion years – it is the result of a meteor’s shock impact with the Earth at speeds right between 40,000 and 250,000 km / h. The diameter of the Vredefort Crater exceeds 300 km, making it the largest and oldest meteorite crater in the world (second after the Yarrabubba crater in Australia (2,229 billion years old), NASA updates for 2020.

The Vredefort meteorite hole in South Africa.

This huge meteorite hole is located in the Free State province, South Africa. Because the crater is so large, local people do not realize it is the “legacy” from the “meeting” of the Earth and meteorites. However, its enormous size has attracted scientists and geologists from all over the world.

In 2005, the United Nations decided to include the Vredefort impact pit on the list of World Heritage Sites in need of protection.

LOOK AT THE PAST – FORWARD TO THE FUTURE

Talking about the crater / meteorite hole, many people do not know the Chicxulub (Yucatán peninsula in Mexico), 150 km in diameter, occurred about 65 million years ago.

Many scientists believe that perhaps the extinction of a generation of dinosaurs on Earth at that time was related to the climate change due to the impact of this meteorite.

Likewise, as the world’s largest crater, the formation of the Vredefort Crater should have had a serious impact on Earth’s climate and biological evolution. We just haven’t figured out exactly what it has affected and how it affects it.

Before that, the United Nations formed a scientific research group, based in South Africa, and conducted scientific research in the Vredefort crater for seven years. In the end it was asserted that the meteorite’s destructive power plunged into Vredefort enough to change the climate and the structure of the African plate. Scientists are continuing to study the long-term effects from Vredefort’s earlier.

What is different from Vredefort’s other meteorite craters in the world is that it has grown from what should have been abandoned into a city complete with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, and generations of people have been in This huge crater is like a peaceful paradise.

Scientists said, meteorites that plunged into the Earth may leave large “scars” for Earth on the bottom of the deep sea. Because the asteroid craters we’ve found so far are all above ground.

Due to the very large and deep seabed area, scientists currently do not have enough technology to conduct detailed investigations. Therefore, the impact crater on the sea floor remains an unsolved mystery in the scientific world. If you want to research, you must go through a long process of discovery by scientists, and this will also be the direction that scientists need to strive for in the future.

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