Book of the Initialization State
Mariana Mazzucato, a researcher on the economics of innovation and public value, says that the relationship between the state and private enterprise should ideally be a form of “symbiosis” of mutual benefit. Mariana analyzes many aspects of this type in her book “Creating State.” According to her, this relationship requires a smooth “synergy” between the state and the private sector, each promoting the benefits. intrinsic position to become a driving force, creating momentum to contribute to the common development. Interestingly, this scenario has in the past been most apparent in the US. Since the 1950s, the US economy has grown thanks to a combination of three core pillars: computers, microprocessors, and the Internet. The R&D that form each of these pillars stems from a tripartite alliance between government, academia, and private business. The first computers were created with funding from the military, designed and built at the Universities of Pennsylvania and Harvard, and then commercialized by companies like IBM. Likewise, transistors, the building blocks of microprocessors, were invented at Bell Laboratories, and then funded by federal funding for space and space research programs Strategic fire has paved the way for private companies like Intel to figure out how to integrate thousands of transistors onto tiny silica boards to form chips. Finally, everyone knows that the Internet is a product that came from the idea of DARPA (the Directing Agency for Advanced Defense Research Projects) and realized through research at universities in conjunction with private contractors like BBN. What’s more, this triple alliance, over the period from the second world war onward, organically and purposefully fused together into a formidable creative machine. An example of this relationship is Vannevar Bust, both the dean of MIT’s School of Engineering and the founder of Raytheon, an important defense contractor, and once a leading figure in scientific management. American military during World War II. When the war ended, Vannevar Bust released a report, “Science, Endless Frontiers,” which called on the government to finance basic research in partnership with universities. and engineering industries. Bush’s report convinced Congress to create a National Science Foundation. From this very beginning, government funding was channeled to universities and private companies. The formation of a triangular relationship between government, industry, and academia in the United States is considered one of the most significant innovations that helped create the technological revolution of the late 20th century. In addition to the National Science Foundation, many federal government agencies become investors and funders of scientific research. In 1965, 23% of government funding for scientific research at universities was provided by the US Department of Defense. The results of these investments were pivotal to America’s postwar economic boom and creative boom. From government orders, research centers of private corporations were formed. A typical example is Xerox PARC of Xerox Corporation, the birthplace of the graphical user interface, an indispensable part of every personal computer today. In addition, there is the formation of “combined public-private” organizations with the support of both the US government, academia and industry such as Stanford Research Institute (SRI) or RAND Corporation, which was originally founded was established to specialize in conducting research and development activities for the US Air Force. The US government also has many programs to sponsor excellent students to train high-quality human resources. It is the Digital Libraries Initiative with funding from the National Science Foundation and collaboration with several other federal government agencies. Among the students who benefit from this program are Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two co-founders of Google. It is easy to understand when American technology corporations, with material support from the government and brains from universities, become giant blocks of magnets attracting future talent from the whole world to Vietnam. America since World War II. Typically the story of the iPhone launched by Apple in 2007. The smart phone that shocked the world, bringing an unprecedented user experience, with a multi-touch screen, Internet access, integrated GPS navigation or virtual personal assistant Siri. Since then, the iPhone has been a golden egg for Apple for 14 consecutive years, making it the first enterprise to reach the $1 trillion mark in 2019. Behind the iPhone is a public-private “triangle alliance” that was started by figures like Vannevar Bush after World War II. For example, Apple’s pioneering multi-touch display on the iPhone stemmed from research by Westerman and Elias at the University of Delaware with government funding, including funded Post-doc programs. from the National Science Foundation and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Multipoint technology was commercialized by Westerman and Elias through the company FingerWork they founded. In 2005, this company was acquired by Apple and then 2 years later the iPhone was born. The Internet is a product of DARPA and GPS has been researched by the US Department of Defense since the 1970s, and so far, although GPS is used for more civilian purposes than military, the US Air Force is still at the forefront. in the maintenance and development of GPS technical infrastructure system, with the average annual budget provided by the US government amounting to more than 700 million USD. Similarly, Siri in the iPhone is an artificial intelligence program that comes from SRI, a “combined public-private” organization. If you want to be great, you cannot help but stand on the shoulders of giants. The US government and its huge, long-term investments are the giants that stretch their shoulders for Apple to rise to the top. However, funding for research and development by the federal government in the United States has been reduced in recent decades, from 1.2 percent of GDP in 1976 to less than 0.8 percent in 2016. 2016. One of the reasons for arguing that the money that the government mobilizes from taxes to invest in R&D will correspondingly reduce the funding that private corporations can invest in these same activities. in a more efficient manner. That is, the government should reduce their direct involvement, but cut taxes, allowing private businesses to freely exercise their creativity. The government withdrew, many private corporations dissolved research units, partly under the pressure of short-term investors demanding a quick return of capital instead of having patience and long-term risk-taking. as long as the previous US federal government. As a result, the US is facing the risk of no longer maintaining the same technological lead gap with its competitors, especially China, where the government invests heavily in science. technology and research and development. America’s success story shows that the federal government plays an irreplaceable role in it, and when that role has been relaxed, the American economic machine has clearly not, or at least If not, find the motivation to recreate the golden age of this country, as the motto of Mr. Donald J. Trump when he ran for the 2016 election. A hot lesson that any government, planner policy cannot be ignored.
You must log in to post a comment.